Decoding DuPont Analysis
Return on equity (ROE) is a closely watched number among knowledgeable investors. It is a strong measure of how well the management of a company creates value for its shareholders. The number can be misleading, however, as it is vulnerable to measures that increase its value while also making the stock more risky. Without a way of breaking down the components of ROE investors could be duped into believing a company is a good investment when it's not. Read on to learn how to use DuPont analysis to break apart ROE and get a much better understanding about where movements in ROE are coming from. (To learn the basics and value of return on equity, check out Keep Your Eyes On The ROE.)
ROE: Simple, Perhaps Too Simple
The beauty of ROE is that it is an important measure that only requires two numbers to compute: net income and shareholders equity.
If this number goes up, it is generally a great sign for the company as it is showing that the rate of return on the shareholders equity is going up. The problem is that this number can also rise simply when the company takes on more debt, thereby decreasing shareholder equity. This would increase the leverage of the company, which could be a good thing, but it will also make the stock more risky.
Three-Step DuPont
To avoid mistaken assumptions, a more in-depth knowledge of ROE is needed. In the 1920s the DuPont corporation created a method of analysis that fills this need by breaking down ROE into a more complex equation. DuPont analysis shows the causes of shifts in the number.
There are two variants of DuPont analysis, the original three-step equation, and an extended five-step equation. The three-step equation breaks up ROE into three very important components:
These components include:
We have ROE broken down into net profit margin (how much profit the company gets out of its revenues), asset turnover (how effectively the company makes use of its assets), and equity multiplier (a measure of how much the company is leveraged). The usefulness should now be clearer.
If a company's ROE goes up due to an increase in the net profit margin or asset turnover, this is a very positive sign for the company. However, if the equity multiplier is the source of the rise, and the company was already appropriately leveraged, this is simply making things more risky. If the company is getting over leveraged, the stock might deserve more of a discount, despite the rise in ROE . The company could be under-leveraged as well. In this case it could be positive, and show that the company is managing itself better. (Learn to take a deeper look at a company's profitability with the help of profit-margin ratios in The Bottom Line On Margins.)
Even if a company's ROE has remained unchanged, examination in this way can be very helpful. Suppose a company releases numbers and ROE is unchanged. Examination with DuPont analysis could show that both net profit margin and asset turnover decreased, two negative signs for the company, and the only reason ROE stayed the same was a large increase in leverage. No matter what the initial situation of the company, this would be a bad sign.
Five-Step DuPont
The five-step, or extended, DuPont equation breaks down net profit margin further. From the three-step equation we saw that, in general, rises in the net profit margin, asset turnover, and leverage will increase ROE. The five-step equation shows that increases in leverage don't always indicate an increase in ROE.
If the company has a high cost of borrowing, its interest expenses on more debt could mute the positive effects of the leverage. (To learn how to use revenue and expenses to break down and analyze a company, read Understanding the Income Statement.)
Learn The Cause Behind The Effect
Both the three- and five-step equations provide deeper understanding of a company's return on equity, by examining what is really changing in a company rather than looking at one simple ratio. As always with financial statement ratios, they should be examined against the company's history and its competitors.
For example, when looking at two peer companies, one may have a lower ROE. With the five-step equation, you can see if this is lower because: creditors perceive the company as riskier and charge it higher interest, the company is poorly managed and has leverage that is too low, or the company has higher costs that decrease its operating profit margin. Identifying sources like these leads to better knowledge of the company and how it should be valued. (To learn how to easily compare companies, read Peer Comparison Uncovers Undervalues Stocks.)
Deepen Your Understanding
A simple calculation of return on equity may be easy, and tell quite a bit, but it does not provide the whole picture. If a company's ROE is lower than its peers, the three or five-step identities can help to show where the company is lagging. It can also shed light on how a company is lifting or propping up its ROE. DuPont analysis helps significantly broaden understanding of ROE.
For additional information on doing your homework on a company's performance, check out Advanced Financial Statement Analysis.
ROE: Simple, Perhaps Too Simple
The beauty of ROE is that it is an important measure that only requires two numbers to compute: net income and shareholders equity.
| ROE = net income / shareholder\'s equity |
If this number goes up, it is generally a great sign for the company as it is showing that the rate of return on the shareholders equity is going up. The problem is that this number can also rise simply when the company takes on more debt, thereby decreasing shareholder equity. This would increase the leverage of the company, which could be a good thing, but it will also make the stock more risky.
Three-Step DuPont
To avoid mistaken assumptions, a more in-depth knowledge of ROE is needed. In the 1920s the DuPont corporation created a method of analysis that fills this need by breaking down ROE into a more complex equation. DuPont analysis shows the causes of shifts in the number.
There are two variants of DuPont analysis, the original three-step equation, and an extended five-step equation. The three-step equation breaks up ROE into three very important components:
| ROE = (Net profit margin)* (Asset Turnover) * (Equity multiplier) |
- Operating efficiency - as measured by profit margin.
- Asset use efficiency - as measured by total asset turnover.
- Financial leverage - as measured by the equity multiplier.
| The Three-Step DuPont Calculation Taking the ROE equation: ROE = net income / shareholder\'s equity and multiplying the equation by (sales / sales), we get:
|
We have ROE broken down into net profit margin (how much profit the company gets out of its revenues), asset turnover (how effectively the company makes use of its assets), and equity multiplier (a measure of how much the company is leveraged). The usefulness should now be clearer.
If a company's ROE goes up due to an increase in the net profit margin or asset turnover, this is a very positive sign for the company. However, if the equity multiplier is the source of the rise, and the company was already appropriately leveraged, this is simply making things more risky. If the company is getting over leveraged, the stock might deserve more of a discount, despite the rise in ROE . The company could be under-leveraged as well. In this case it could be positive, and show that the company is managing itself better. (Learn to take a deeper look at a company's profitability with the help of profit-margin ratios in The Bottom Line On Margins.)
Five-Step DuPont
The five-step, or extended, DuPont equation breaks down net profit margin further. From the three-step equation we saw that, in general, rises in the net profit margin, asset turnover, and leverage will increase ROE. The five-step equation shows that increases in leverage don't always indicate an increase in ROE.
| The Five-Step Calculation Since the numerator of the net profit margin is net income, this can be made into earnings before taxes (EBT) by multiplying the three-step equation by 1 minus the company\'s tax rate:
|
If the company has a high cost of borrowing, its interest expenses on more debt could mute the positive effects of the leverage. (To learn how to use revenue and expenses to break down and analyze a company, read Understanding the Income Statement.)
Learn The Cause Behind The Effect
Both the three- and five-step equations provide deeper understanding of a company's return on equity, by examining what is really changing in a company rather than looking at one simple ratio. As always with financial statement ratios, they should be examined against the company's history and its competitors.
For example, when looking at two peer companies, one may have a lower ROE. With the five-step equation, you can see if this is lower because: creditors perceive the company as riskier and charge it higher interest, the company is poorly managed and has leverage that is too low, or the company has higher costs that decrease its operating profit margin. Identifying sources like these leads to better knowledge of the company and how it should be valued. (To learn how to easily compare companies, read Peer Comparison Uncovers Undervalues Stocks.)
Deepen Your Understanding
A simple calculation of return on equity may be easy, and tell quite a bit, but it does not provide the whole picture. If a company's ROE is lower than its peers, the three or five-step identities can help to show where the company is lagging. It can also shed light on how a company is lifting or propping up its ROE. DuPont analysis helps significantly broaden understanding of ROE.
For additional information on doing your homework on a company's performance, check out Advanced Financial Statement Analysis.
