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Reliability - If the information is not reliable, then no investor can rely on it to make an investment decision.
Comparability - Comparability is a pervasive problem in financial analysis even though there have been great strides made over the years to bridge the gap.
Consistency - Accounting changes hinder the comparison of operation results between periods as the accounting used to measure those results differ.
The following key SEC filings must be reported:
• S-1: Filed prior to sale of new securities
• 10-K: Annual filing similar to annual report; 40-F for Canadians; 20-F for other foreign issuers
• 10-Q: Quarterly unaudited statements
• 8-k: Disclose material events such as asset acquisition and disposition, changes in management or corporate governance
• DEF-14: Proxy statement
• 144: Issue of unregistered securities
• Beneficial and insider ownership of securities by company's officers and directors
Students should note that relevance and reliability tend to be opposite qualities. For example, an auditor may improve the quality of the audit but at the cost of timeliness. Relevance and reliability can also clash strongly in these ways: the market value of an investment can be highly relevant but may be accurate only to a certain extent. On the other hand, the historical cost, while reliable, may have little relevance. |