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Investopedia explains 'Triangular Arbitrage'
As an example, suppose you have $1 million and you are provided with the following exchange rates: EUR/USD = 0.8631, EUR/GBP = 1.4600 and USD/GBP = 1.6939.
With these exchange rates there is an arbitrage opportunity:
Sell dollars for euros: $1 million x 0.8631 = 863,100 euros
Sell euros for pounds: 863,100/1.4600 = 591,164.40 pounds
Sell pounds for dollars: 591,164.40 x 1.6939 = $1,001,373 dollars
$1,001,373 - $1,000,000 = $1,373
From these transactions, you would receive an arbitrage profit of $1,373 (assuming no transaction costs or taxes).
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