If a friend asks, “Are municipal bonds a better investment than taxable bonds?” and you immediately answer with a hard “yes” or “no,” you might be doing your pal a disservice. The correct answer depends on a host of factors specific to a person’s individual circumstances.

The most important of these relates to the size of his or her tax bill. If an investor sits in the 35% income tax bracket and lives in a state with relatively high-income tax rates, investing in municipal bonds (or munis, for short) will likely be a better option than taxable bonds. Contrarily, investors whose income is hovering in the 12% tax bracket range should probably steer clear of municipal bonds.

• In general, municipal bonds are more attractive to those in higher tax brackets.
• To compare municipal bonds to taxable bonds, you need to determine the tax-equivalent yield of the muni.
• Though CDs carry less risk, municipal bonds have tended to outperform them.

## How to Compare Municipal and Taxable Bonds

While your tax bracket can provide a rule-of-thumb when considering munis overall, you need to consider individual investment opportunities a little more closely. Specifically, you need to compare the return of the muni to that of a comparable taxable bond's, by determining its tax-equivalent yield. Also known as the after-tax yield, the tax-equivalent yield takes into account an individual investor's current tax rate to determine whether an investment in a municipal bond is equivalent to a corresponding investment in a given taxable bond.

Fortunately, there's a formula for that. It is:

﻿$\text{Tax}\ -\ \text{Equivalent Yield}=\frac{\text{Tax}\ -\ \text{Exempt Yield}}{(1\ -\ \text{Marginal Tax Rate})}$﻿

Putting this formula into practice, let's assume you're contemplating a tax-free bond with a 6% yield and your marginal tax bracket is 35%. You would plug in the numbers as follows:

﻿$\text{Tax}\ -\ \text{Equivalent Yield}{=\frac{6}{(1\ -\ .35)}}$﻿﻿
In this case, your tax-equivalent yield would be 9.23%. In this scenario, that means if equivalent taxable debt instruments are offering yields in the 7%-to-8% range, your municipal bond with a 6% yield offers a better return (even though its nominal yield looks lower).

Now let’s say you’re in the 12% tax bracket. The tax-equivalent yield would be 6.8% (6 divided by [1-.12]). In this situation, a municipal bond with a 6% yield would not present a particularly better investment opportunity than those taxable bonds yielding 7% or more.

Generally, municipal bonds' after-tax yields exceed those of taxable bonds for anyone whose marginal tax rate is 24% or higher.

## Municipal Bonds vs Corporate Bonds

Of course, return isn't everything. Investors also have to consider the risk of default. Historically, municipal bonds have experienced low default rates. According to the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, the 10-year average cumulative default rate for investment-grade municipal bonds through 2017, the latest year for which figures were available, totaled only .18%, compared to 1.74% for corporate bonds.

Municipal bonds come in two forms: general obligation (GO) bonds and revenue bonds. Although the latter is far more common, the former is much safer. GO bonds use taxes (primarily property taxes) to pay bondholders interest and eventually their principal back. Contrarily, revenue bonds rely on the revenues
generated by a project in order to pay off bondholders, which means
performance partly depends on economic conditions, making them riskier.

## Municipal Bonds vs. CDs

So we've seen how to compare munis with taxable bonds, such as corporate bonds. How about Certificates of Deposit (CDs)? Although they might appear to be a better option because they contain virtually no risk, they do have downsides. Namely: when interest rates dip, CDs struggle to outpace inflation. Therefore, when we’re heading for a deflationary environment, sitting on cash is a more viable option, since your dollars will go further. Of course, when you’re locked into a CD, you’re generating some interest while waiting—which is a good thing. However, municipal bonds have historically outperformed CDs by a wide margin.

### \$82.7 billion

The amount invested in muni funds in 2019, a record-breaking high, according to MunicipalBonds.com

## The Bottom Line

Your exposure to municipal bonds should depend on your tax bracket, investment goals, and location: If you live in a high-income-tax state, locally issued munis will be triple tax-exempt—that is, free of state and city/county taxes, too. Ideally, municipal bonds should be part of a well-diversified portfolio that could also include domestic and international stocks, real estate holdings, mutual funds and ETFs, and even other debt instruments (U.S. government bonds, TIPS, and corporate bonds).