A Quick Guide to How FAFSA Works

How Does FAFSA Work?

Every college-bound person and their parents need to know how the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) process works. Some may dismiss the idea of applying for financial aid for college because they think they make too much money to qualify. But regardless of their family earnings, they may be eligible for some form of financial assistance, including federal, state, and school-based aid and merit-based scholarships.

In fact, it makes sense for almost all families with a college-bound kid to fill out the FAFSA.

How FAFSA Works

The primary purpose of the FAFSA is to determine how much financial aid a student qualifies for, including both need-based and non-need-based aid. It determines eligibility for federal need-based grants including the Pell Grant and Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (FSEOG); subsidized federal student loans, which are based on need; unsubsidized federal student loans, which most students qualify for regardless of need; federal work-study; state-based financial aid, including grants, scholarships, and loans; school-based financial aid, including need-based grants and scholarships, and school-based merit aid (since many schools require the FAFSA to be on file before any aid awards are distributed).

To determine a family's financial need, the FAFSA asks a series of questions about the parents' and student's income and assets as well as other factors, such as how many children there are in the family. It then comes up with an Expected Family Contribution (EFC).

The FAFSA is the official form that students or their families use to apply for financial assistance for college from the federal government. States, individual colleges and universities, and private scholarship programs rely on the information provided in the application as well.

In terms of assets, the FAFSA assumes that 20% of a student’s assets and 5.64% of the parents’ assets should be available for spending in any one college year. Those assets include bank accounts and investments but excludes the value of retirement accounts, life insurance policies, and annuities. Any equity in the family home is also excluded.

The information you supply on the FAFSA determines whether you qualify for need-based aid, non-need-based aid, or some combination of the two.

If you aren't ready to fill out the FAFSA itself, you can get an estimate of your EFC and likelihood of receiving financial aid by using the office of Department of Education's Federal Student Aid Estimator.

Here are some of the programs that require filling out the FAFSA.

Need-Based Financial Aid

Federal Pell Grants

Grants are the most attractive type of financial aid because they do not need to be repaid. Pell Grants, the main federal grants for college, are intended for students with "exceptional financial need." They are primarily awarded to undergraduates, but some teacher certification programs are also eligible. The maximum award is $6,895 for the 2022–23 award year (July 1, 2022, to June 30, 2023). A college or university's financial aid office determines how much money students qualify to receive, based on their family's EFC and the school's cost of attendance (COA).

Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants

These grants also do not need to be repaid, but they are only available at certain schools. The amounts range between $100 and $4,000 per year. As with Pell Grants, these supplemental grants are meant for students with few other financial resources.

Federal Direct Subsidized Loans

These loans are subsidized by the government, which means that will not be required to pay interest on them while you are in school and for a grace period of six months after you graduate. Loan amounts that can be subsidized range from $3,500 to $12,500 per year, depending on your year in school and whether you are considered a dependent or independent student as defined by the office of Federal Student Aid. These subsidized loans are not available for graduate study.

Federal Work-Study

The federal work-study program makes paid part-time jobs available through participating colleges and universities. Both undergraduate and graduate students may be eligible.

Non-Need-Based Financial Aid

Direct Unsubsidized Loans

Unsubsidized loans are similar to their subsidized counterparts with one big exception: The government doesn’t pay the loan interest while the student is in school or during a six-month grace period afterward. If students or their parents don't pay the interest during this time period, it will be added to the principal of the loan.

Schools can offer these loans as part of a financial aid package regardless of a family's financial situation. Dependent students are eligible for a maximum of $31,000 in unsubsidized loans over their undergraduate years unless their parents are ineligible for federal PLUS loans, in which case the limit may be higher.

Federal PLUS Loans

These loans are intended for parents or graduate students. They aren't subsidized by the government, so the interest that accrues during the college years will be added to the principal if it isn’t paid while the student is in school.

Teacher Education Access for College and Higher Education (TEACH) Grants

Students who are training to become teachers can qualify for these grants—up to $4,000 per year (as of 2021–2022)—even if they don’t meet need-based criteria. To qualify, the student must take certain classes and, within eight years of graduation, have worked for at least four years in an elementary or secondary school or educational service agency that serves low-income families. These grants don't have to be repaid unless the student fails to fulfill the requirements, in which case the grant is converted into a direct unsubsidized loan.

The Bottom Line

Most families—regardless of how much they earn or have accumulated in assets—will find it useful to fill out FAFSA. If it turns out that they are ineligible for free money in the form of grants or scholarships, they are still likely to be eligible for non-need-based aid in the form of direct unsubsidized loans from the federal government. Federal student loans typically have more favorable terms than loans from private lenders and offer a variety of flexible repayment options.