There are many ways to measure financial portfolio performance and determine if an investment strategy is successful. Investment professionals often use the geometric average, more commonly called the geometric mean, to do this.

The geometric mean differs from the arithmetic average, or arithmetic mean, in how it's calculated because it takes into account the compounding that occurs from period to period. Because of this, investors usually consider the geometric mean a more accurate measure of returns than the arithmetic mean.

### The Formula for Arithmetic Average

﻿\begin{aligned} &A = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i =1}^n a_i = \frac{a_1 + a_2 + \dotso + a_n}{n} \\ &\textbf{where:} \\ &a_1, a_2, \dotso, a_n=\text{Portfolio returns for period } n \\ &n=\text{Number of periods} \\ \end{aligned}﻿

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### How to Calculate the Arithmetic Average

An arithmetic average is the sum of a series of numbers divided by the count of that series of numbers.

If you were asked to find the class (arithmetic) average of test scores, you would simply add up all the test scores of the students and then divide that sum by the number of students. For example, if five students took an exam and their scores were 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%, the arithmetic class average would be 80%.

This would be calculated as:

﻿\begin{aligned} &\frac {60\% + 70\% + 80\% + 90\% + 100\% }{ 5 } = 80\% \\ \end{aligned}﻿

The reason we use an arithmetic average for test scores is that each score is an independent event. If one student happens to perform poorly on the exam, the next student's chances of doing poor (or well) on the exam isn't affected.

In the world of finance, the arithmetic mean is not usually an appropriate method for calculating an average. Consider investment returns, for example. Suppose you've invested your savings in the financial markets for five years. If your portfolio returns each year were 90%, 10%, 20%, 30% and -90%, what would your average return be during this period?

With the arithmetic average, the average return would be 12%, which appears at first glance to be impressive—but it's not entirely accurate. That's because when it comes to annual investment returns, the numbers are not independent of each other. If you lose a substantial amount of money in a particular year, you have that much less capital to invest and generate returns in the following years.

We'd need to calculate the geometric average of your investment returns to arrive at an accurate measurement of what your actual average annual return over the five-year period would be.

### The Formula for Geometric Average

﻿\begin{aligned} &\left( \prod_{i = 1}^n x_i \right)^{\frac{1}{n}} = \sqrt[n]{x_1 x_2 \dots x_n} \\ &\textbf{where:} \\ &x_1, x_2, \dots = \text{Portfolio returns for each period} \\ &n = \text{Number of periods} \\ \end{aligned}﻿

### How to Calculate the Geometric Average

The geometric mean for a series of numbers is calculated by taking the product of these numbers and raising it to the inverse of the length of the series.

To do this, we add one to each number (to avoid any problems with negative percentages). Then, multiply all the numbers together, and raise their product to the power of one divided by the count of the numbers in the series. Then, we subtract one from the result.

The formula, written in decimals, looks like this:

﻿\begin{aligned} &[ ( 1 + \text{R}_1) \times (1 + \text{R}_2) \times (1 + \text{R}_3) \dotso \times (1 + \text{R}_n) ]^{\frac {1}{n} } - 1 \\ &\textbf{where:} \\ &\text{R} = \text{Return} \\ &n = \text{Count of the numbers in the series} \\ \end{aligned}﻿

The formula appears to be quite intense, but on paper, it's not that complex. Returning to our example, let's calculate the geometric average: Our returns were 90%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and -90%, so we plug them into the formula as:

﻿\begin{aligned} &(1.9 \times 1.1 \times 1.2 \times 1.3 \times 0.1)^{\frac{1}{5}} -1 \\ \end{aligned}﻿

The result gives a geometric average annual return of -20.08%. The result using the geometric average is a lot worse than the 12% arithmetic average we calculated earlier, and unfortunately, it's also the number that represents reality in this case.

### Key Takeaways

• The geometric mean is most appropriate for series that exhibit serial correlation. This is especially true for investment portfolios.
• Most returns in finance are correlated, including yields on bonds, stock returns, and market risk premiums. The longer the time horizon, the more critical compounding becomes, and the more appropriate the use of geometric mean.
• For volatile numbers, the geometric average provides a far more accurate measurement of the true return by taking into account year-over-year compounding.