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# What Is the Formula for Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)?

Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is used by analysts and investors to assess an investor's returns on an investment in a company. As the majority of businesses run on borrowed funds, the cost of capital becomes an important parameter in assessing a firm’s potential for net profitability. Weighted average cost of capital measures a company’s cost to borrow money, where the WACC formula uses both the company’s debt and equity in its calculation.

### Key Takeaways

• The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is a calculation of a firm's cost of capital in which each category of capital is proportionately weighted.
• All sources of capital, including common stock, preferred stock, bonds, and any other long-term debt, are included in a WACC calculation.
• WACC is calculated by multiplying the cost of each capital source (debt and equity) by its relevant weight by market value, and then adding the products together to determine the total.
• The cost of equity can be found using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM).
• WACC is used by investors to determine whether an investment is worthwhile, while company management tends to use WACC when determining whether a project is worth pursuing.
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## What Is the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)?

WACC is the average after-tax cost of a company’s various capital sources, including common stock, preferred stock, bonds, and any other long-term debt. In other words, WACC is the average rate a company expects to pay to finance its assets.

Companies often run their business using the capital they raise through various sources. They include raising money through listing their shares on the stock exchange (equity), or by issuing interest-paying bonds or taking commercial loans (debt). All such capital comes at a cost, and the cost associated with each type varies for each source.

Since a company’s financing is largely classified into two typesdebt and equityWACC is the average cost of raising that money, which is calculated in proportion to each of the sources.

### Why Using WACC Is Important

WACC is a formula that gives insight into how much interest a company owes for each dollar it finances. Analysts use WACC to assess the value of an investment. WACC is a key number used in discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis. Company management also uses WACC figures as a hurdle rate when choosing which projects to undertake. Meanwhile, investors will use WACC when assessing whether an investment is viable.

## The Formula for WACC

The WACC formula includes the weighted average cost of equity plus the weighted average cost of debt. Note that, generally, the cost of debt is lower than the cost of equity given that interest expenses are tax-deductible.

\begin{aligned} &\text{WACC} = \left ( \frac{ E }{ V} \times Re \right ) + \left ( \frac{ D }{ V} \times Rd \times ( 1 - Tc ) \right ) \\ &\textbf{where:} \\ &E = \text{Market value of the firm's equity} \\ &D = \text{Market value of the firm's debt} \\ &V = E + D \\ &Re = \text{Cost of equity} \\ &Rd = \text{Cost of debt} \\ &Tc = \text{Corporate tax rate} \\ \end{aligned}

## How to Calculate WACC

WACC formula is the summation of two terms:

$\left ( \frac{ E }{ V} \times Re \right )$
$\left ( \frac{ D }{ V} \times Rd \times ( 1 - Tc ) \right )$

The former represents the weighted value of equity-linked capital, while the latter represents the weighted value of debt-linked capital.

The calculation of the WACC generally uses the market value of the various components versus book value—because the expected cost of new capital is more important than the sale of existing assets for WACC purposes.

### Equity and Debt Components of WACC Formula

WACC is calculated by multiplying the cost of each capital source (debt and equity) by its relevant weight. Then, the products are added together to determine the value. In the above formula, E/V represents the proportion of equity-based financing, while D/V represents the proportion of debt-based financing.

It's a common misconception that equity capital has no concrete cost that the company must pay after it has listed its shares on the exchange. In reality, there is a cost of equity. The shareholders' expected rate of return is considered a cost from the company's perspective.

That's because if the company fails to deliver this expected return, shareholders will simply sell off their shares, which will lead to a decrease in share price and the company’s overall valuation. The cost of equity is essentially the amount that a company must spend in order to maintain a share price that will keep its investors satisfied and invested.

One can use the CAPM (capital asset pricing model) to determine the cost of equity. CAPM is a model that established the relationship between the risk and expected return for assets and is widely followed for the pricing of risky securities like equity, generating expected returns for assets given the associated risk, and calculating costs of capital.

The CAPM requires the risk-free rate, beta, and historical market return—note that the equity risk premium (ERP) is the difference between the historical market return and the risk-free rate.

The debt portion of the WACC formula represents the cost of capital for company-issued debt. It accounts for interest a company pays on the issued bonds or commercial loans taken from the bank.

Generally, the lower the WACC the better. A lower WACC represents lower risk for a company's operations as it is less expensive for a company to raise funds.

## Example of How to Use WACC

Let's calculate the WACC for retail giant Walmart (WMT). In May 2022, the risk-free rate as represented by the annual return on a 20-year treasury bond was 3.17%. Walmart's beta was 0.50 as of May 22, 2022. For this exercise, we'll assume the average long-term return of the market is roughly 8%. We'll also insert an expected flat corporate tax rate of 21%.

Using the CAPM, Walmart's cost of equity is 5.59%.The market cap for Walmart was $328 billion as of May 22, 2022. The long term debt stood at$44 billion as of the end of fiscal year 2021 and its average cost of debt was 3.9%.

The WACC for Walmart is as follows:

V = E + D = $328 billion +$44 billion = \$372 billion

The equity-linked cost of capital for Walmart is:

(E/V) x Re = (328 billion / 372 billion) x 5.59% = 4.93%

The debt component is:

(D/V) x Rd x (1 - Tc) = (44 billion / 372 billion) x 3.9% x (1 - 21%) = 0.32%

Using the above two computed figures, WACC for Walmart can be calculated as:

4.93% (weighted cost of equity) + 0.32% (weighted cost of debt) = 5.25%

On average, Walmart is paying around 5.25% per year as the cost of overall capital raised via a combination of debt and equity.

The above example is a simple illustration to calculate WACC. One may need to compute it in a more elaborate manner if the company is having multiple forms of capital with each having a different cost.

For instance, if the preferred shares are trading at a different price than common shares, if the company issued bonds of varying maturity that are offering different returns, or if the company has a commercial loan at different interest rates, then each such component needs to be accounted for separately and added together in proportion of the capital raised.

There are online calculators that can be used to calculate WACC.

## Limitations of WACC

The WACC can be difficult to calculate if you're not familiar with all the inputs. Higher debt levels mean the investor or company will require higher WACCs. More complex balance sheets, such as varying types of debt with various interest rates, make it more difficult to calculate WACC. There are many inputs to calculating WACC—such as interest rates and tax rates—all of which can be affected by market and economic conditions.

Together, the debt and equity mix of a company are considered its capital structure. One downside to the WACC is that it assumes a set capital structure. That is, the WACC assumes that the current capital structure will remain the same in the future.

Another limitation of WACC is the fact that there are various ways of calculating the formula, which can lead to different results. The WACC is also not suitable for accessing risky projects because to reflect the higher risk the cost of capital will be higher. Instead, investors may opt to use the adjusted present value (APV), which does not use the WACC.

## What Is the WACC Formula?

The WACC formula is: (E/V * Re) + [D/V * Rd * (1 - Tc)].

## How Do I Calculate WACC?

WACC is calculated by combing a prorated portion of a firm's cost of equity with a prorated portion of a firm's cost of debt.

In the formula above, 'E' is the market value of the firm's equity, while 'D' is the market value of the firm's debt. 'V', the total financing value of the entity, is the sum of 'E' and 'D'.

'Re' is the cost of equity, while 'Rd' is the cost of debt. The debt portion of the equation is also reduced by the tax benefit derived from 'Tc', the corporate tax rate.

## What Is a Good WACC?

A “good” WACC is usually a lower WACC. A high WACC is generally a signal of higher risk, as it is more expensive for a company to obtain financing through either equity or debt. This indicates that a company may have a more difficult time growing in the future if it does not have enough capital through operations.

WACC is also highly dependent on the industry and sector of a company. In general, equity financing is more expensive than debt financing, especially in periods of low interest rates. For this reason, small start-up technology firms that issue heavy equity debt financing will often have a higher WACC. Other industries like retail that are heavily reliant on debt and credit will often have lower WACC.

## What Is the WACC Used for?

WACC is used as a benchmark on whether to invest in a project or company. It’s an internal calculation to determine a company’s cost of capital. WACC may be used as the discount rate is time value of money calculations, and it may be used as the hurdle rate for NPV or IRR calculations for capital budgeting.

## Is WACC Nominal or Real?

WACC is based on nominal rates, and thus, most WACC calculations are considered nominal. The inputs for the WACC calculation are nominal, such as the cost of debt, bond cash flows, stock prices, and free cash flows.

## The Bottom Line

WACC is a formula that takes into account a company's cost debt and equity using a formula, although it can also be calculated using excel. The formula is useful for analysts, investors, and company management—all of whom use it for different purposes.

Article Sources
Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our editorial policy.
1. U.S. Department of the Treasury. "Resource Center."

2. Nasdaq. "Walmart Inc. Common Stock."

3. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. "Form 10-K," Page 68.

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