What Are Above-The-Line Costs? What's Included Vs. Below-The-Line

What Are Above-the-Line Costs?

Above-the-line costs are the costs incurred by a business to make the product it sells or to provide its service. For manufacturing-type businesses, above-the-line costs are any costs deducted to arrive at gross profit, namely the cost of goods sold (COGS). However, for service companies, above-the-line costs are costs that are deducted in arriving at operating profit, which includes COGS but also all selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) costs.

Understanding Above-the-Line Costs 

For manufacturers, above-the-line costs are just another way of saying costs before operating expenses. These are likely to include the costs of raw materials, facilities, wages, and other expenses to manufacture the final product and deliver it to consumers. These costs are subtracted from sales to arrive at gross profit.

After gross profit on the income statement is operating expenses, as well as other expenses such as interest and taxes. These are below-the-line costs. 

For service businesses, above-the-line costs are any costs incurred before arriving at operating income. Expenses incurred thereafter, such as interest and taxes are considered below the line.

Special Considerations

A different interpretation of above the line can refer to all income or expenses related to normal business operations. That's all activity on the income statement that relates to profits and not transactions that only impact the cash flow statement or balance sheet. In that case, below the line would include only extraordinary or non-recurring income or expenses. Or any transaction that does not impact the company’s ongoing revenue or profits.

Above-the-Line Costs vs. Below-the-Line Costs

Above-the-line costs are generally considered the cost of creating the company's product, such as worker salaries, equipment, raw materials, and maintenance. Below-the-line costs are the other expenses that keep the company going—the cost of printer paper and fax machines, management and human resources, advertising campaigns, not to mention the salaries of the accounting department itself.

Because above-the-line costs are a direct result of production, they tend to vary more over the short-term compared to below-the-line costs. Key below-the-line costs, such as rent, tend to remain constant regardless of sales and production numbers.

Real-World Examples

As an example, Nike Inc. reported $44.54 billion in sales for fiscal year 2021 (ended May 31, 2021). Gross profit was $19.96 billion. Therefore, Nike's above-the-line costs for the quarter were $24.58 billion, which the company labels cost of sales on its income statement.

Also consider Expedia Inc., the travel website, which reported $8.60 billion in revenue for 2021 and an operating income of $186 million. The company is not involved in the production of goods so the company does not use gross profit as a metric in its income statement.

All expenses before operating income are considered above-the-line costs for Expedia, including the cost of revenue and selling and marketing expenses, which totaled $8.41 billion in 2021.