• General
• Personal Finance
• Reviews & Ratings
• Wealth Management
• Popular Courses
• Courses by Topic

# Ichimoku Cloud Definition and Uses

## What Is the Ichimoku Cloud?

The Ichimoku Cloud is a collection of technical indicators that show support and resistance levels, as well as momentum and trend direction. It does this by taking multiple averages and plotting them on a chart. It also uses these figures to compute a “cloud” that attempts to forecast where the price may find support or resistance in the future.

The Ichimoku Cloud was developed by Goichi Hosoda, a Japanese journalist, and published in the late 1960s. It provides more data points than the standard candlestick chart. While it seems complicated at first glance, those familiar with how to read the charts often find it easy to understand with well-defined trading signals.

### Key Takeaways

• The Ichimoku Cloud is composed of five lines or calculations, two of which comprise a cloud where the difference between the two lines is shaded in.
• The lines include a nine-period average, a 26-period average, an average of those two averages, a 52-period average, and a lagging closing price line.
• The cloud is a key part of the indicator. When the price is below the cloud, the trend is down. When the price is above the cloud, the trend is up.
• The above trend signals are strengthened if the cloud is moving in the same direction as the price. For example, during an uptrend, the top of the cloud is moving up, or during a downtrend, the bottom of the cloud is moving down.

## The Formulas for the Ichimoku Cloud

The following are the five formulas for the lines that comprise the Ichimoku Cloud indicator.

\begin{aligned}&\text{Conversion Line (tenkan sen)} = \frac {\text{9-PH} + \text{9-PL}}{2} \\&\text{Base Line (kijun sen)} = \frac{\text{26-PH + 26-PL}}{2} \\&\text{Leading Span A (senkou span A)} = \frac{\text{CL + Base Line}}{2} \\&\text{Leading Span B (senkou span B)}= \frac{\text{52-PH + 52-PL}}{2} \\&\text{Lagging Span (chikou span)} = \text{Close plotted 26 periods} \\&\phantom{\text{Lagging Span (chikou span)} =} \text{in the past} \\&\textbf{where:} \\&\text{PH} = \text{Period high} \\&\text{PL} = \text{Period low} \\&\text{CL} = \text{Conversion line}\end{aligned}

## How to Calculate the Ichimoku Cloud

The highs and lows are the highest and lowest prices seen during the period—for example, the highest and lowest prices seen over the last nine days in the case of the conversion line. Adding the Ichimoku Cloud indicator to your chart will do the calculations for you, but if you want to calculate it by hand, here are the steps:

1. Calculate the Conversion Line and the Base Line.
2. Calculate Leading Span A based on the prior calculations. Once calculated, this data point is plotted 26 periods into the future.
3. Calculate Leading Span B. Plot this data point 26 periods into the future.
4. For the Lagging Span, plot the closing price 26 periods into the past on the chart.
5. The difference between Leading Span A and Leading Span B is colored in to create the cloud.
6. When Leading Span A is above Leading Span B, color the cloud green. When Leading Span A is below Leading Span B, color the cloud red.
7. The above steps will create one data point. To create the lines, as each period comes to an end, go through the steps again to create new data points for that period. Connect the data points to each other to create the lines and cloud appearance.

## What Does the Ichimoku Cloud Tell You?

The technical indicator shows relevant information at a glance by using averages.

The overall trend is up when the price is above the cloud, down when the price is below the cloud, and trendless or transitioning when the price is in the cloud.

When Leading Span A is rising and above Leading Span B, this helps to confirm the uptrend and the space between the lines is typically colored green. When Leading Span A is falling and below Leading Span B, this helps confirm the downtrend. The space between the lines is typically colored red in this case.

Traders will often use the Ichimoku Cloud as an area of support and resistance depending on the relative location of the price. The cloud provides support/resistance levels that can be projected into the future. This sets the Ichimoku Cloud apart from many other technical indicators that only provide support and resistance levels for the current date and time.

Traders should use the Ichimoku Cloud in conjunction with other technical indicators to maximize their risk-adjusted returns. For example, the indicator is often paired with the relative strength index (RSI), which can be used to confirm momentum in a certain direction. It’s also important to look at the bigger trends to see how the smaller trends fit within them. For example, during a very strong downtrend, the price may push into the cloud or slightly above it, temporarily, before falling again. Only focusing on the indicator would mean missing the bigger picture that the price was under strong longer-term selling pressure.

Crossovers are another way that the indicator can be used. Watch for the conversion line to move above the base line, especially when the price is above the cloud. This can be a powerful buy signal. One option is to hold the trade until the conversion line drops back below the base line. Any of the other lines could be used as exit points as well.

## The Difference Between the Ichimoku Cloud and Moving Averages

While the Ichimoku Cloud uses averages, they are different than a typical moving average. Simple moving averages take closing prices, add them up, and divide that total by how many closing prices there are. In a 10-period moving average, the closing prices for the last 10 periods are added, then divided by 10 to get the average.

Notice how the calculations for the Ichimoku Cloud are different. They are based on highs and lows over a period and then divided by two. Therefore, Ichimoku averages will be different than traditional moving averages, even if the same number of periods are used.

One indicator is not better than another; they just provide information in different ways.

## Limitations of Using the Ichimoku Cloud

The indicator can make a chart look busy with all the lines. To remedy this, most charting software allows certain lines to be hidden. For example, all of the lines can be hidden except for Leading Span A and Leading Span B, which create the cloud. Each trader needs to focus on which lines provide the most information, then consider hiding the rest if all of the lines are distracting.

Another limitation of the Ichimoku Cloud is that it is based on historical data. While two of these data points are plotted in the future, there is nothing in the formula that is inherently predictive. Averages are simply being plotted in the future.

The cloud can also become irrelevant for long periods of time, as the price remains way above or way below it. At times like these, the conversion line, the base line, and their crossovers become more important, as they generally stick closer to the price.

## What Does Ichimoku Mean in English?

In Japanese, "ichimoku" translates to "one look," referring to the fact that support and resistance levels can be gauged in just a glance.

## What Are the Tenkan Sen and Kijun Sen?

The Japanese terminology for the moving average lines used in the Ichimoku cloud are called the Tenkan and Kijun Sen.

• The Tenkan Sen is the average of the highest high and the lowest low calculated over the previous nine periods.
• The Kijun Sen is the average of the highest high and the lowest low over the past 26 periods.

## What Are the Senkou Spans Used in Ichimoku Clouds?

The Senkou Spans form the "cloud" of the Ichimoku cloud.

•  Senkou Span A takes the average of the Tenkan Sen and the Kijun Sen plotted 26 periods ahead of the current price action.
• Senkou Span B averages the highest high and the lowest low taken over the past 52 time periods and then plotted 26 periods ahead.

## What Is the Chikou Span in Ichimoku Clouds?

The Chikou Span is meant to measure market sentiment, using the most recent closing price and plotted 26 periods behind the price action.

## The Bottom Line

In order to create a "cloud" to show where prices may find future resistance or support, the Ichimoku Cloud plots multiple averages on a chart. This shows not only support and resistance but also trend direction and momentum, all of which appear as a group of technical indicators. While there are some limitations to the Ichimoku Cloud, it is neither better nor worse than existing technical indicators such as moving averages. It simply represents information in a different way.

Article Sources
Investopedia requires writers to use primary sources to support their work. These include white papers, government data, original reporting, and interviews with industry experts. We also reference original research from other reputable publishers where appropriate. You can learn more about the standards we follow in producing accurate, unbiased content in our editorial policy.
1. Charles G. Koonitz. “Ichimoku Analysis & Strategies: The Visual Guide to Spot the Trends in Stock Market, Cryptocurrency and Forex Using Technical Analysis and Cloud Charts," Tripod Solutions Inc., 2019.

2. Fidelity Investments. "Ichimoku Cloud."

3. Fidelity Investments. "Moving Average Trading Signal."