Pre-Provision Operating Profit (PPOP) Definition, Vs. Net Revenue

What Is Pre-Provision Operating Profit—PPOP?

Pre-provision operating profit (PPOP) is the amount of income a bank or similar type of financial institution earns in a given time period, before taking into account funds set aside to provide for future bad debts. A bank will reduce the PPOP once it deducts the dollar amount it determines must be set aside to cover expected loan defaults and other uncollectible debts.

The PPOP provides a reasonable estimate as to what the bank expects to have left for operating profit after it eventually incurs cash outflows due to defaults on loans.

Understanding Pre-Provision Operating Profit—PPOP

Since most banks typically have a large portfolio of loans outstanding to many different customers at any one time, it is logical that some will default. As such, it would be inaccurate for the bank to consider its entire operating profit as income that it will be able to keep. Due to this, banks typically report their operating income as a PPOP, to give investors insight into their operating profit, with the understanding that it could still incur bad debts, which would reduce its bottom line.

The amount PPOP obviously goes down after funds are earmarked to cover potential bad debt. However, this is not considered a cash outflow for the bank. The amount that a bank deducts is based on its loan default experience.

Pre-Provision Operating Profit and Default Rates

Delinquency rates on individual consumer loans have fluctuated significantly in the past three decades. The highest was a spike surrounding the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis and Great Recession, where this figure approached 5% in 2010. It has gradually dropped since, hitting a trough in 2015 just under 2%; as of Q1 2022, it was down to 1.63%, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. In general, the decade since the criss has been a strong period for the consumer credit market overall. More customers participated, with manageable levels of delinquency.

Some concerns surround the slight uptick in the number of credit card and auto loan delinquencies, along with rising interest rates and uncertainty in the political realm regarding new regulations. In general, though, this is a good sign for banks—they do not seem to need to not remove significant funds from their pre-provision operating profit calculations.

Other Profitability Measures

Pre-provision operating profit is just one measure of profits—one that is pretty specific to the banking industry. But in business, many forms of describing profitability exist, and Other ways include these sort of ratios:

• Gross margin (Gross Profit/Net Sales * 100)
• Operating margin (Operating Profit / Net Sales * 100)
• Return on Assets (ROA (Net Income / Assets * 100)
• Return on Equity (ROE) (Net Income/Shareholders Equity * 100)

Analysts may apply some or all of the above profitability ratios more liberally across companies.