Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Indicator

The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Indicator is an economic indicator which correlates the performance of the S&P 500 in a given year with the nationality of the model who appears on the cover of that year’s Sports Illustrated Swimsuit issue.

The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Indicator is an economic indicator which holds that the U.S. stock market performs better in years when the model on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit issue is American. The indicator suggests that when the cover model is from the U.S., the S&P 500 will generate a return above its historical rate, while a non-American cover model leads to underperformance by the S&P 500 for the year.

Bespoke Investment Group initially proposed a correlation between the performance of the S&P 500 and the nationality of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover model.

Tracking data from 1978, analysts have noted that overall returns on the S&P 500 are better in years with cover models who are American, while non-American models tend to indicate less spectacular returns. Between 1978 and 2012, Sports Illustrated featured 19 American models and in those years, the overall S&P 500 average return was a 14.3 percent gain, with positive returns 88.2 percent of the time. The 17 years in which non-American models were featured saw an average S&P 500 gain of 10.8 percent, with positive returns 76.5 percent of the time. A frequently-cited example is 1997, the year American model Tyra Banks graced the Sports Illustrated cover, and the S&P 500 was up 34.1 percent.

As with many popular culture based indicators, this is not a precise measure. In fact, in 2008, when Sports Illustrated featured American model Marissa Miller on its cover, the S&P 500 plummeted, significantly skewing the averages for this indicator.

While the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit issue has been an annual publication since the 1950’s, the nationalities of the cover models were not always made available until 1978.

Just one of many indicators rooted in popular culture phenomena, the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue Indicator stands alongside a host of other indicators posed by analysts and investors since the beginning of the stock market. These indicators describe market tendencies and possess limited accuracy, but they remain intriguing ways to look at the ways culture and markets interact. It is important to distinguish between those that are purely coincidental, and thus should not be considered reliable, and those that have some reasonable basis in economic theory and may be worth considering at least in a qualitative sense. 

The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Swimsuit Issue Indicator is an example of a spurious indicator. These are “indicators” have have no real or theoretical causal relationship to the economic or financial variables, but do have a purely coincidental correlation. Businesses and investors should be cautious to not take such indicators seriously in their planning or investment decisions. 

Another example of a spurious indicator is The Super Bowl Indicator, which suggests that the stock market will decline when a team from the American Football Conference wins the Super Bowl, and that an upswing will occur when the National Football Conference team wins. Introduced in 1978 by sportswriter Leonard Koppett, this indicator boasts only an 80% accuracy and, as with the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue indicator, failed to accurately predict the 2008 downturn.

On the other hand, some pop culture economic indicators may have some reasoned basis in economic thinking, despite often being somewhat zany or even off-color. 

The Skyscraper Index is based on the observation by economist Andrew Lawrence that when new world’s-tallest-building skyscrapers are built, major recessions tend to follow. Lawrence noted that monetary expansion and resulting over investment might connect the two events, and later economist Mark Thornton explicitly documented the linkage from expansionary monetary policy to distortions in the pattern of investment in an economy that both encourage investments in such structures and lead also to necessary corrections in the economy in the form of a recession. Notably, Thornton used his research to accurately predict the 2008 financial crisis and Great Recession. 

The Hemline Indicator, which proposes that skirt hemlines are higher when the economy is performing better, such as the high hemlines of 1990’s when the tech bubble was forming. This indicator was first posed in 1925 by George Taylor of the Wharton School of Business. This indocator may have some basis in fact to the extent that women can signal their “type” in marriage and/or job markets through their manner of dress. This thinking goes that men (and employers) may tend to prefer women in shorter skirts during the bold and risque times of an economic boom and prefer women in longer, more conservative skirts during times of economic gloom and recession.  

The Men’s Underwear Indicator, a favorite of former Fed Chair Alan Greenspan, which suggests that declines in the sales of men’s underwear indicate a poor overall state of the economy, while an upswing in underwear sales predicts an improving economy. Men’s underwear, by definition, being one of the least visible portions of a man’s wardrobe, might reasonably be expected to be the one of the first places where men will cut back spending if they believe that their job prospects and expectations of future performance of the economy are in doubt. 

The Hot Waitress Index comes from the common observation that during times of economic recession, the relative attractiveness of waitstaff tends to rise. It is well documented that more physically attractive people tend to command a premium in wages and hiring in job markets. However, during a general recession some of them will be laid off from higher paying jobs as well. More physically attractive candidates may then be willing to take lower status work, especially in occupations such as waiting tables where their beauty may confer an extra advantage. Conversely, during economic boom times, they will have an advantage over less attractive candidates in seeking higher status work, and the average attractiveness of waitstaff will tend to fall.